Roman Legionaries | Roma Victor

The Legion – ready to conquer the world

Over time, the Roman legion underwent many changes. These changes particularly concerned the strength of the armed forces as a whole and the established strength of individual legions. The latter was often subject to the interpretation of the emperor or the Senate. Thus, the established strength of a single legion during Roman times varied between 3,600 and 6,100 legionaries. The greatest variation concerned the total strength of the Roman army. Chroniclers and recent research have produced contradictory information. Politically motivated statements and reports make precise conclusions even more difficult. This is still an important factor in assessing credibility and objectivity today.

Another factor was Roman defeats. Raising and training a legion was a lengthy process, so after a lost battle the overall strength of the army remained reduced for a considerable period. If Valerius Antias is to be believed, on 6 October 105 BC at the Battle of Arausio (modern Orange on the Rhône), 80,000 legionaries and approximately 40,000 camp followers were killed by the Cimbri and Teutons. Supposedly only ten legionaries survived. Since Antias was known as an “exaggerator”, these figures should be revised downward. At the Battle of Cannae (Second Punic War), 60,000 legionaries were reportedly killed and 12,000 captured. These figures are now considered relatively reliable.

Thanks to Tacitus, we have more precise reports and therefore more precise figures for the battle in AD 9 between Arminius (c. 17 BC – AD 19) and Varus at Kalkriese near Osnabrück (Teutoburg Forest). Approximately 25,000 legionaries and auxiliary troops died in this annihilation battle.

Research becomes hazardous when it relies on only a few reports and ignores contemporary factors. These include the total population of the time, epidemics and disease, lost battles and the time required to raise new legions.

The claim that the Roman army supposedly had up to one million soldiers under its command is easy to challenge. Even today, no people can call up more than one tenth of its total population for military service without risking the loss of its economic structures and its ability to fulfil social obligations. Under such conditions, the Roman Empire could not have existed for such a long period.

Taking all known and trustworthy sources into account, we can assume today that in relatively peaceful times, or during its heyday in the imperial period, the Roman army numbered about 400,000 soldiers. This total did not consist solely of the Roman elite units (legions), but also included auxiliary troops, cavalry (alae = mounted troops) and naval units.

Before and during the Republic

During the Republic

During the Imperial Period

Praetorians during the Imperial Period

Praetorians during the Imperial Period

For every legionary, joining the so-called Praetorians was the highest goal. The Praetorians (named after the praetorium, a part of the military camp accessible only to the commander) formed the emperor’s bodyguard and were recruited from the best legionaries in the Empire. Their clothing often reflected the emperor’s taste, so no precise statement can be made. It is nevertheless established that Praetorians were often dressed differently and more splendidly, for example in black. As Germans were increasingly favoured as bodyguards, a clear uniform style gradually disappeared.

As a rule, the Praetorian strength was about 500 men (one cohort), and they were the only military formation stationed inside the walls of Rome, since the presence of regular troops in Rome was forbidden under threat of death. Rome normally had nine Praetorian cohorts, of which no more than three were stationed inside the city. The others were quartered outside Rome in barracks. At times, 13–14 cohorts were in imperial service.

The Praetorians enjoyed the highest prestige among citizens and received much higher pay and other privileges than legionaries. The Praetorian Guard was founded under Scipio Africanus the Younger (2nd century BC).

Urban cohorts

Roman cities also had urban cohorts (1,000 men each). They were responsible for protecting Roman citizens, especially at night. Rome had about three urban cohorts.